CHAPTER 7 : STORING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION - DATABASES

 RELATIONAL DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS
·         Information is everywhere in an organization
·         Information is stored in databases
1.      Database – maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)

2.      Database models include:
·                 Hierarchical database model – information is organized into a tree-like structure (using parent/child relationships) in such a way that it cannot have too many relationships
·                 Network database model – a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships
·                 Relational database model – stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables
Keys and   Relationships
·         Potential relational database of Coca-Cola

3.      Entities and Attributes
-          Entity – a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored
-          The rows in each table contain the entities

-          Attributes (fields, columns) – characteristics or properties of an entity class
-          The columns in each table contain the attributes

4.      Keys and Relationships
Primary keys and foreign keys identify the various entity classes (tables) in the database
-          Primary key – a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
-          Foreign key – a primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables

RELATIONAL DATABASE ADVANTAGES

1.      Database advantages from a business perspective include
·         Increased flexibility
·         Increased scalability and performance
·         Reduced information redundancy
·         Increased information integrity (quality)
·         Increased information security
·         Increased Flexibility

A)             Increased Flexibility
A well-designed database should:
·         Handle changes quickly and easily
·         Provide users with different views
·         Have only one physical view
-  Physical view – deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device
·         Have multiple logical view
-  Logical view – focuses on how users logically access information

B)  Increased Scalability and Performance
·         A database must scale to meet increased demand,  while maintaining acceptable performance levels
·         Scalability – refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands
·         Performance – measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction

C)  Reduced Information Redundancy
·        Databases reduce information redundancy
-         Redundancy – the duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple places
·         Inconsistency is one of the primary problems with redundant information

D)  Increase Information Integrity (Quality)
·         Information integrity – measures the quality of information
·         Integrity constraint – rules that help ensure the quality of information
·         Relational integrity constraint
·         Business-critical integrity constraint

E)   Increased Information Security
·        Information is an organizational asset and must be protected
·         Databases offer several security features including:
-          Password – provides authentication of the user
-          Access level – determines who has access to the different types of information
-          Access control – determines types of user access, such as read-only access

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
-         Database management systems (DBMS) – software through which users and application programs interact with a database


DATA-DRIVEN WEBSITES
-          Data-driven websites – an interactive website kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of a database


DATA-DRIVEN WEBSITE BUSINESS ADVANTAGES

DATA-DRIVEN BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE
-          BI in a data-driven website

INTEGRATING INFORMATION AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES
·         Integration – allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other
·         Forward integration – takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes
·         Backward integration – takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes

INTEGRATING INFORMATION AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES
·         Forward integration and backward integration


INTEGRATING INFORMATION AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES
·         Building a central repository specifically for integrated information

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